In My Garden Blog
April 27, 2006
Middle South
By
Suzanne DeJohn,
Candler, NC
These tomato vines are supported by twine hanging from a bamboo support. In the back, a homemade coldframe protects tender pepper and basil transplants.
It's Tomato Time!
After a winter of bland, "store-boughten" tomatoes, it's time to start making those dreams of freshly harvested, sun-warmed tomatoes a reality. Tomato plants are easy to grow -- but challenging to grow well. They are susceptible to many diseases and insect pests, which my 86-year-old neighbor collectively calls, "The Blight."
Last summer was an especially tough growing season -- well, tough for tomatoes and other garden plants, not so tough for the various organisms responsible for The Blight. The early summer's incessant rains were followed by months of drought, so any plants that didn't rot early on were later parched. As usual, despite knowing better, I set out too many plants and wasn't able to take as good care of them as I had intended.
So, in the spirit of doing as I say, and not necessarily as I do, here are some tips for planting and caring for tomatoes. These, combined with reasonably cooperative weather, will go a long way toward ensuring a satisfying harvest.
A Tomato Primer
The path to an abundant crop of tomatoes starts in spring, by providing plants with optimum conditions for vigorous growth.
1. Plant tomatoes in full sun. If your garden doesn't get at least 6 hours of direct sun each day, plant tomatoes in containers on your deck or in any sunny spot.
2. Give them good soil. Amend soil with lots of compost to provide slow-release nutrients and to improve both drainage and water-holding capacity. Work the soil to a depth of at least a foot, then set the plants deeply, burying the lower part of the stem. The plant will form roots along the buried portion.
3. Plant several different varieties. Choose a few described as resistant to verticillium, fusarium, tobacco mosaic virus, and/or nematodes (noted by V, F, T, and N, respectively). Go ahead and plant some of your favorite non-resistant varieties, too, but planting resistant varieties increases the likelihood of a good crop if damp weather encourages disease problems.
Note whether the varieties are determinate or indeterminate. Determinate tomatoes, sometimes referred to as "bush" types, grow to a certain height, then set their fruit more or less all at once. They usually produce ripe tomatoes earlier than indeterminates, but the harvest season is shorter. Indeterminate varieties are true vines; they continue growing until something -- frost, pruning, disease -- stops their growth. They produce fruit over a longer season, and ultimately produce more fruit per plant; but they produce their first fruits later than determinates.
4. Be realistic. A few well-cared-for tomatoes will likely produce more -- and better quality -- fruit than a dozen neglected ones. Plant a few, then pamper them.
5. After planting, set cages or stakes in place. The goal is to keep plants off the ground and allow air to circulate freely. I've found that the small, commonly available tomato cages can't support a healthy plant laden with fruit. I prefer sturdy cages made from 4" x 6" wire mesh fencing, or four 6-foot stakes placed evenly around the plant and wrapped with string. Or, use a trellis to train indeterminate varieties upward.
6. Mulch plants with clean straw. Mulch conserves soil moisture, minimizing problems with blossom-end rot (a physiological disorder) as well as foliar diseases caused by fungal spores splashing up from the soil onto leaves.
7. Feed plants if necessary. Tomatoes planted in rich soil may not need supplemental feeding. But if soil is poor or foliage is pale and growing slowly, fertilize them. I prefer organic seaweed/fish emulsion fertilizers, but any all-purpose vegetable and flower fertilizer will do. Avoid lawn fertilizer, which is usually very high in nitrogen.
8. Prune suckers. Left to their own devices, tomato plants produce vigorous suckers at every point where a side branch meets a stem, resulting in a rangy plant that's difficult to manage. Many gardeners allow three or four suckers to form branches early in the season, then prune those that follow. How diligently you prune really depends on how you are supporting the plant. You can allow caged plants to form more suckers than plants whose stems are tied to stakes.
9. Keep soil moist. If nature doesn't provide rain, you'll have to water plants. Use drip hoses or apply water slowly, allowing it to seep deeply to reach the entire root zone. Avoid overhead sprinklers, which waste water and encourage foliar diseases.
10. Inspect plants frequently. Look for insect pests, such as tomato hornworms, and signs of disease, such as discolored areas on the foliage. Hand-picking and destroying both insect pests and diseased leaves can minimize later problems. There are several organic sprays available for managing tomato diseases, such as those containing potassium bicarbonate, sulfur, and/or neem. Follow label directions carefully to maximize effectiveness. And know that by late summer most gardeners' tomato plants look a little, well, rough. Don't get discouraged; you are not alone.
Here's to a summer with just the right balance of rain and sunshine, temperatures neither too hot nor too cold, and an uncanny absence of pests to make our tomato harvests all that we dream of!
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Comments on It's Tomato Time!
We welcome your questions and comments about this column. If
you have gardening questions unrelated to the column, please ask
them on our message boards.
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Sharon
Have you ever heard of anyone growing tomatoes on a horizontal
trellis? Sort of like grapes and kiwi are grown? I'm curious as to
how that might work.
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Suzanne
A horizontal system should work great. I can think of a couple
things to keep in mind. Grapes and kiwis are long-lived woody
plants, so it makes sense to build a sturdy, permanent trellis
structure. Tomatoes, on the other hand, are grown as annuals and
it's best to rotate them to different places in the garden each year
to help minimize pest problems and soil nutrient deficiencies. So
you'd want a trellis you can move each year.
Also, grapes are usually pruned to two horizontal wires; you might
want to have more horizontals to maximize production. You want to
make sure there's plenty of foliage on the plants so they have
energy to produce tomatoes -- and so the tomatoes don't get
sunburned.
I would also be concerned about using metal wires to support the
tomato vines. Unlike grapes vines, which are woody, tomato vines are
soft and might be damaged by wire supports (which would also get hot
in the sun). A neighbor of mine uses long lengths of electrical cord
-- like you'd find on a lamp -- between trellis posts and it seems
to work really well. It's strong, flexible, and the metal wire is
encased in plastic which keeps it from getting too hot and from
cutting into plants. It's economical if you can buy it in bulk from
an electrical supply store, and it can be reused for years. Use
something soft -- strips of fabric, for example -- to tie the tomato
vines to the horizontal wires.
If you decide to try this system, please post another message and
let me know how it works! Take some photos, too!
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Eric
I'm growing tomatoes from seed for the first time and while the
plants are growing quickly under their grow lights, some of the
leaves are turning yellow. I'm thinking they need something, but I
don't know what. Any suggestions? I heard from a colleague that
perhaps fish emulsion would help.
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Suzanne
Yellow leaves on seedlings can indicate a number of problems. Here's
a quick list of what your tomato seedlings need, which might help
you decipher the cause of the yellowing.
Nutrients: Most soilless seedstarting mixes don't provide much in
the way of nutrients. Seeds contain enough stored nutrients to allow
them to germinate and send up their first set of true leaves; after
that, the plants need to begin gathering nutrients from the soil or
some other source. If you haven't done so already, begin fertilizing
your seedlings. A fish emulsion is OK, but a fish emulsion/seaweed
mix usually contains a broader range of nutrients. However, as much
as I'm an advocate of organic fertilizers, I must say that fish
emulsions can be quite... fragrant. So look for one labeled as
"odorless" if you are growing seedlings in a living space. Follow
dilution instructions on the label. I like to start with a
half-strength solution until the seedlings are growing vigorously.
Water at the soil line, or better yet, from below, to avoid wetting
foliage. Although most fertilizers can be applied as a foliar feed,
seedlings are so delicate and susceptible to disease problems, I
think it's best to keep foliage as dry as possible.
Light: Be sure the lights are suspended just an inch or so above the
tops of the seedlings. Light intensity diminishes with distance, so
either prop seedlings up or lower the lights as necessary.
Insufficient light can cause pale, leggy seedlings. Keep the lights
on at least 16 hours per day. If the grow lights are several years
old, consider replacing them -- their intensity diminishes as they
get older.
Water: Too much or too little water can cause yellow leaves. Keep
soil just moist -- not soggy, not dry. You can let the soil surface
dry slightly between waterings.
A few other things to keep in mind: Air circulation helps minimize
disease problems, and a gentle breeze from a fan has been shown to
produce sturdier tomato seedlings. Hopefully, you used a sterile
seedstarting mix; if you used soil from your garden, you may be
dealing with a combination of poor drainage and disease problems.
Make sure plants don't get rootbound. Transplant them to larger
containers when you see roots poking through the bottom of the pots.
As soon as possible, begin exposing your plants to increasing
amounts of direct sunlight over the course of a few weeks. Start out
by placing plants in a spot with filtered sun for an hour or two for
a few days, and increase their exposure slowly to harden them off.
Be prepared to protect plants during chilly weather and don't
transplant until after your last frost date. But as good as they
are, grow lights just can't compare to the the power of the sun!
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Larry
I have been growing a tomato plant, upside down, for about 5 years.
I take an old hanging basket, punch a hole in the bottom, line the
hole with porous cloth to keep the dirt in. Push the root of the
tomato up thru the bottom of GOOD soil and OLE! that`s it. You must
water almost daily though & put in a little fertilizer.
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Suzanne DeJohn
I'm hearing so much about these upside-down tomato plants I'm going
to have to give it a go this summer. Unfortunately, our porch is
shaded so I may have to put in a post or something.
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Marilyn
We have tomato plants that are about three to four feet high, and a
Cardinal has been stripping the upper branches of leaves, leaving
branches with ugly stubs. I never have seen this before. Does
anyone else have this problem, and how can we stop it?
Thanks for any suggestions.
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Suzanne DeJohn
I have never heard of this happening -- how frustrating! You might
try a combination of tactics to discourage the behavior, such as
spraying repellents and hanging inflatable "scare eye" balloons. Or,
string up some foil pie plates so they rattle in the breeze. You
could also cover the plants with a lightweight row cover. And try to
get a photo of this strange behavior.
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Marilyn
Thanks for your suggestions. My husband has put stakes into the
ground all through the bed, and tied cut cloth strips, hanging from
strings all through, and today I saw not only the male Cardinal in
there, but he brought his "wife" with him! LOL! I don't know what
happened to the leaves, because they are not around. Is it possible
they are used for nests? This really is the strangest thing, and I
never have seen this before now. He is ruining the looks of the
plants.
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Suzanne
I was curious so I checked Cornell's All About Birds Web site, and
it says that the cardinal's nest is "an open bowl of weed stems and
twigs, filled with leaves and grapevine bark. Lined with grass.
Often contains paper or plastic in outer layer. Placed in thick
tangle of vines or twigs in a shrub or small tree." So it's possible
your cardinal visitors have decided to line their nest with tomato
leaves. Let's just hope this behavior ends when the nest is through!
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Teresa
In response to Sharon's question about trellising, here's how we do
it (well, my husband does most of it). ;) We use concrete
reinforcing wire (looks like fence, but is heavier and uglier) that
has about six-inch squares. We use 10-foot long steel rods as our
stakes. (He got this stuff at a nearby metal scrapyard). We put the
wire up as soon as we plant the tomatoes, and yep , we use a
stepladder to reach the top when driving in those long stakes. When
in place, our wire stands about 5 or 6 feet tall. Our tomatoes
generally get 6 to 8 feet tall. We prune each plant to 2 or 3 stems
and then just weave them up through the wire as they grow. Sure
beats bothersome tying! By the way, this won't work with determinate
tomato plants.
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